New Zealand and GHG emissions
 
  In the Climate Change space, New Zealand has a unique Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions profile in that around 50% is from the digestive systems of ruminants (sheep, cattle, deer and goats). These animals out-number the human population by around 16 to 1, making the per capita GHG emissions figures look very high comparatively, albeit that over 80% of the production derived from these animals is exported.

Also unique in this space is the importance agriculture/land based activities are to the NZ economy, accounting for more than 50% of export receipts. 		 
  About this analysis
 
  There have been conflicting claims about the biogenic GHG emissions from Māori farming enterprises, with a claim that Māori farming methane emissions account for around 13.8% of all livestock emissions.  This conclusion is not supported by the known facts, such as they are.

The analyses undertaken in this App are based on Ministry for the Environment Guidelines using 2018 Agriculture emissions reported to the IPCC. The land area and livestock numbers for Māori farming enterprises have been sourced from Statistics NZ information. [Details of these sources and links thereto can be found within the App.]

The basis of the key information relating to Agriculture statistics comes from the annual Agriculture Production Survey completed by all farming enterprises each year.  Any farming enterprise defined as a "Māori Authority" is identified by this survey and the information reported separately. (See link to an explanation below.) 

While there are significant areas of Maori freehold land ("MFL") included in these figures, mainly relating to trusts and incorporations, there will also be general farmed by these entitiesl. Conversely, there will be significant areas of MFL that is not captured as being part of Māori farming because land is leased and the lessees will have included the production statistics as part of their farming enterprises.

 		 
     
     
  About the MfE Guidelines
 
  These Guidelines explained how the emissions factors for 2018 have been derived. Basically the total emissions for each component of on-farm GHG emissions is divided by the total number of animals in that category, on hand as of 30 June 2018.   These animal numbers come from Statistics NZ information, as shown in the Source details. 

It needs to be understood that this is a mechanism for looking at the components of NZ Agriculture's on-farm GHG emissions and has no ability to calculate emissions applicable to individual farming enterprises. 		 
     
SUMMARY OF AGRICULTURAL 2018 GHG EMISSIONS      
    Farming enterprises Stock units Land Methane N2O Fertiliser CO2e  
    000 000 ha Gg CO2e Gg CO2e CO2e Gg  
     
     
     
   
Kg of CO2e
 
      Implied DMI  
    Contribution              
     
     
     
                   
     
 
   
 
 
  The introductory comments relating to this analysis are contained on the Summary page.

Note: This analysis methodology is not suitable for individual farming enterprise emissions calculations as it is based on factors derived by dividing the total emissions component gases by the year end (30 June) livestock numbers for each class of stock.  The Māori and non-Māori cacluations therefore have the same limitations albeit that the enteric emissions science upon which the analysis is based has a margin of error of plus or minus 16%!   		 
             
      Kg CO2e /hd  
  (Theses factors can be user defined.) CH4 N2O CO2e  
    Dairy cattle      
    Non-dairy cattle      
    Sheep      
    Deer      
  Manure management             
    Dairy cattle      
    Non-dairy cattle      
    Sheep      
    Deer      
  Agricultural soil emissions          
    Dairy cattle      
    Non-dairy cattle      
    Sheep      
    Deer      
  Total from Enteric fermentation, Manure management & Soil  
          CH4 N2O CO2e  
    Dairy cattle      
    Non-dairy cattle      
    Sheep      
    Deer      
  The above factors are for livestock on hand at 30 June each year.
  
  ANIMAL ANALYSIS from MĀORI farming enterprises  
  Fundamental assumptions (also through to other analyses)  
    Methane - GWP100  - GWP20  
    Nitrous Oxide - GWP100 CH4/KgDM  
    Effective area (ha)*      
      * Grassland + crop supplements Update  
      Numbers
000 		CH4
(kg/hd) 		N2O
(kg/hd) 		Factor
(kg/hd) 		Mg CO2e  
    Dairy cattle  
    Non-dairy cattle  
    Sheep  
    Deer  
    Gross emissions (Mg)  
   
If the effective hectares is correct, tick.
Kg CO2e/ha  
  Implied DMI (KgDM) MjME/KgDM    
  Emissions sources   CH4 N2O   Gt CO2e  
      Enteric 0.0    
      Manure    
      Soil 0.0    
           
  FERTILISER EMISSIONS from MĀORI farming enterprises  
     Fertiliser analysis    
    Note: The Nitrogen tonnage is the N content of the various versions of N fertilisers.  
    Fertiliser
 Tonnes (k)
Gg 		Factor Gg CO2e N2O CO2  
    Nitrogen    
    Lime/Dolomite    
   
       
   
       
   
       
   
       
   
       
           
  SUMMARY -  On-farm GHG emissions from MĀORI farming enterprises  
    Untick to excl N2O
Gg 		CH4
Gg 		CO2
Gg 		CO2e
Gg 		 
    Fertiliser
 
    Animals
 
     
  Feed quality adjustment
The default is 10.8 MjME per Kg of DM. Increased pasture quality will reduce DMI to provide the same nutritional value.
     
         
 
The year 2119 is the last scheduled of discount.
 
  Existing forest CO2 sequestration (mt)
This is the MfE figure for regenerating natives.
The planted area.
Tick to use this setoff.
Note that currently methane cannot be mitigated
 
    NET EMISSIONS     Process  
     /tonne  
[This does not take account of any existing sequestering.]  
    Select the farm location below.  
 
 mt/ha pa Variation
This is the variation from the 2008 Lookup tables and reflects experience.
 
 
 mt/ha pa  
This is the variation from the 2008 Lookup tables and reflects experience.
 
  Weighted average          
    Age Cover Mt CO2e Mitigate Forest ha  
    N2O    
    CH4
 
    CO2    
         
     
    Required by:
 
    * There is currently no ability to mitigate methane.    
   
 
   
 
 
  The introductory comments relating to this analysis are contained on the Summary page.

Note: This analysis methodology is not suitable for individual farming enterprise emissions calculations as it is based on factors derived by dividing the total emissions component gases by the year end (30 June) livestock numbers for each class of stock.  The Māori and non-Māori cacluations therefore have the same limitations albeit that the enteric emissions science upon which the analysis is based has a margin of error of plus or minus 16%!   		 
             
  ANIMAL ANALYSIS from NON-MĀORI farming enterprises  
  Fundamental assumptions          
    Methane - GWP100  - GWP20  
    Nitrous Oxide - GWP100 CH4/KgDM  
    Effective area (ha)*      
      * Grassland + crop supplements Update  
      Numbers
000 		CH4
(kg/hd) 		N2O
(kg/hd) 		Factor
(kg/hd) 		Mg CO2e  
    Dairy cattle  
    Non-dairy cattle  
    Sheep  
    Deer  
    Gross emissions (Mg)  
   
If the effective hectares is correct, tick.
   
  Implied DMI (KgDM) MjME/KgDM    
  Emissions sources Enteric 0.0    
      Manure    
      Soil 0.0    
         
  FERTILISER EMISSIONS from NON-MĀORI farming enterprises  
     Fertiliser analysis  
    Note: The Nitrogen tonnage is the N content of the various versions of N fertilisers.  
    Fertiliser
 Tonnes (k)
Gg 		Factor Gg CO2e N2O CO2  
       
       
           
  SUMMARY -  On-farm GHG emissions from NON-MĀORI farming enterprises  
    Untick to excl N2O CH4 CO2 Mt CO2e  
    Fertiliser
 
    Animals
 
     
  Feed quality adjustment
The default is 10.8 MjME per Kg of DM. Increased pasture quality will reduce DMI to provide the same nutritional value.
     
         
 
The year 2119 is the last scheduled of discount.
 
     /tonne  
   
 
   
 
 
  The introductory comments relating to this analysis are contained on the Summary page.

Note: This analysis methodology is not suitable for individual farming enterprise emissions calculations as it is based on factors derived by dividing the total emissions component gases by the year end (30 June) livestock numbers for each class of stock.  The Māori and non-Māori cacluations therefore have the same limitations albeit that the enteric emissions science upon which the analysis is based has a margin of error of plus or minus 16%!   		 
             
  ANIMAL ANALYSIS from ALL NZ farming enterprises  
  Fundamental assumptions          
    Methane - GWP100  - GWP20  
    Nitrous Oxide - GWP100 CH4/KgDM  
    Effective area (ha)*      
      * Grassland + crop supplements Update  
      Numbers
000 		CH4
(kg/hd) 		N2O
(kg/hd) 		Factor
(kg/hd) 		Mg CO2e  
    Dairy cattle  
    Non-dairy cattle  
    Sheep  
    Deer  
    Gross emissions (Mg)  
   
If the effective hectares is correct, tick.
   
  Implied DMI (KgDM) MjME/KgDM    
  Emissions sources Enteric 0.0    
      Manure    
      Soil 0.0    
         
  FERTILISER EMISSIONS from ALL farming enterprises  
     Fertiliser analysis  
    Note: The Nitrogen tonnage is the N content of the various versions of N fertilisers.  
    Fertiliser
 Tonnes (k)
= Gg 		Factor Gg CO2e N2O CO2  
       
       
           
  SUMMARY -  On-farm GHG emissions from Māori farming enterprises  
    Untick to excl N2O CH4 CO2 Gg CO2e  
    Fertiliser
 
    Animals
 
     
  Feed quality adjustment
The default is 10.8 MjME per Kg of DM. Increased pasture quality will reduce DMI to provide the same nutritional value.
     
         
 
The year 2119 is the last scheduled of discount.
 
     /tonne  
   
  Ministry for the Environment     
  Key on-farm GHG emissions information from the Guidelines  
               
 
 
     
               
  On-farm biogenic emissions          
  Emission factor derivation methodology
The national inventory publishes total emissions for enteric fermentation per livestock type, along with population numbers. The Ministry of Primary Industries (MPI) supplied these same data for the creation of emission factors. We used this information, shown in table 90, to calculate the emission factors. 		 
  Note that the emission factors are based on data supplied for the national inventory. To ensure consistency, organisations should report their population of livestock as at 30 June, regardless of the measurement period.  
  MPI defines non-dairy cattle as beef breeds of cattle, including dairy-beef, as well as any beef breeding stock.  
  From Tables 90, 92 and 100      
  Animal 2018 population Enteric CH4
( kt CH4 ) 		Manure Soil Total Factor  
    Kt CH4 N2O N2O CO2e per head  
  Dairy cattle 6,385,541 544.46 50.53 0.32 10.48  
  Non-dairy cattle 3,721,262 216.09 2.90 0.00 2.96  
  Sheep 27,295,749 335.6 3.50 0.00 2.95  
  Deer 851,424 19.5 0.24 0.00 0.22  
  Subtotal      
  CO2e      
  Swine 279,049 7.39 41.44 16.27 0.04    
  Goats 88,785 19.89 0.44 0.00 0.02    
  Horses 40,370 18.17 2.36 0.00 0.04    
  Alpaca 8,769 1.75 0.021 0.000 0.00    
  Mules & asses 141 0.035 0.004 0.000 0.00    
  Poultry 17,949,985 n/a 13.84 11.72 0.10    
  Subtotal      
  TOTAL      
  Note: kt is kilotonne, also a Gg (Gigagram).
Source: Based on figures from the Agricultural Inventory Model used in New Zealand’s Greenhouse Gas Inventory 1990–2018. 		 
             
  Alternative methods and tools
There are alternative calculating tools, such as OVERSEER. The emission factors in this guide may differ from other tools because of the different in-built assumptions and limitations. It is up to the user to assess the appropriateness of emission factors when comparing these to the factors from alternative tools. 		 
  Assumptions, limitations and uncertainties
The national inventory details the uncertainties associated with the activity data used to calculate the emission factors. 		 
  The level of uncertainty with enteric fermentation emissions is ±16 per cent.  
                   
  Manure management emission factors
Manure management refers to the process of managing the excretion of livestock, particularly when they are not on paddocks. The storage and treatment of manure produces GHG emissions. We provide the manure management emission factors in table 91. 		 
Table 91:           Manure management emission factors
  Emission source Unit   Kg CO2 

Kg CH4 Kg N2O
     
  Manure management   Kg CO2e   ________   Kg CO2e   _________      
Dairy cattle per head 213 n/a 198 14.8
Non-dairy cattle per head 19.5 n/a 19.5 0.0
Sheep per head 3.21 n/a 3.2 0.0
Deer per head 6.95 n/a 7.0 0.0
Swine per head 149 n/a 149 58.3
Goats per head 5.0 n/a 5.0 0.0
Horses per head 58.5 n/a 58.5 0.0
Alpaca per head 2.37 n/a 2.4 0.0
Mules and asses per head 27.5 n/a 27.5 0.0
Poultry per head 0.77 n/a 0.8 0.7
Note: These numbers are rounded to three significant figures unless the number is significantly small.
  Statistics New Zealand  
  Key farming statistics - livestock numbers and land areas
             
         
 
  Note: These figures include only farming enterprises undertaken by a Maori Authority. Most of the land will be Māori freehold land (MFL). Farming enterprise activities undertaken on leased MFL will be reported by the lessee as part of their annual Agricultural Production Survey.

 		 
           
Land use, stock units, & supplementary feed          
At 30 June 2018 or for year ended 30 June 2018          
Type of land use   Māori farms total New Zealand total farms Māori farms share of NZ total(1)(7) Average per Māori farm(1)(7) Average per NZ farm(1)(7)  
      Hectares Percent Hectares  
At 30 June 2018              
   Grassland    207,100 7,548,900 2.7 604 149  
  Horticulture land   3,900 133,900 2.9 11 3  
   Plantation(2)   85,600 1,642,400 5.2 250 32  
   Bush and scrub   63,300 1,065,000 5.9 185 21  
   All other land(3)   26,500 3,334,300 0.8 77 66  
   Total land area(4)   386,400 13,724,500 2.8 1,127 271  
During year ended 30 June 2018                
  Supplementary feed crops harvested(5)    13,100 1,211,600 1.1 38 24  
      Number Percent Number  
At 30 June 2018          
  Stock units(6)    1,978,800 86,521,400 2.3 5,769 1,705  
1.  For Māori farms and New Zealand farms, averages are calculated on the total number of farms, including horticulture and forestry farms.   
2.  Includes forest plantings and areas awaiting restocking. Includes exotic forest plantings on farms and separate exotic forestry blocks that are Māori owned.  
3. Includes tussock and danthonia, arable land, conservation plantings, riverbeds, wetlands, and all other land on the farm not elsewhere included.  
4. Figures may not add to the totals due to rounding.
5. Includes hay, silage, forage, fodder, and green feed crops.
6. Stock units are expressed in ewe equivalents.  
  Note: Māori farms are selected using the same criteria used when creating Stats NZ's Tatauranga Umanga Māori statistics.  
7.  Averages and percentages are calculated on unrounded numbers.  
Source: Stats NZ
       
Selected livestock numbers
Land use, stock units, & supplementary feed
Type of animal Māori farms total NZ total  farms Māori farms %(1)(2) Ave /Māori farm(1)(2) Ave /NZ farm(1)(2)
Number Percent Number
At 30 June 2018
Total sheep 844,700 27,295,700 3.1 6,822 1,601
Total beef cattle 127,200 3,721,300 3.4 805 164
Total dairy cattle 86,000 6,385,500 1.3 891 445
Total deer  4,400 851,400 0.5 1,790 611
Breeding ewes and hoggets 612,600 19,179,900 3.2 5,261 1,295
Beef breeding cows and heifers 44,800 1,029,100 4.4 406 104
Milking cows and heifers 66,500 5,010,300 1.3 788 417
During year ended 30 June 2018
Total lambs tailed during the year 743,500 24,707,200 3.0 6,154 1,536
1.  Averages are calculated on the number of farms that reported each type of animal.  
Note: Māori farms are selected using the same criteria used when creating Stats NZ's Tatauranga Umanga Māori statistics.
2.  Averages and percentages are calculated on unrounded numbers.  
3. The reference year was previously labelled as “At 30 June 2017 or for year ended 30 June 2018.
Source: Stats NZ
Māori farms table 3  (revised)          
Selected farm practices            
During year ended 30 June 2018            
               
  Farm type   Māori farms total New Zealand  total  farms Māori farms share of NZ total(2) Average per hectare of grassland(2) on   
      Māori farms NZ farms  
          Percent Number  
  Tonnes of fertiliser applied(1) 45,000 2,133,900 2.1 0.22 0.28  
  Tonnes of lime and dolomite applied 8,500 1,123,800 0.8 0.04 0.15  
             Percent   
  Hectares of pasture renewed 5,700 369,100 1.5 3.0 5.0  
1.  Includes all nitrogenous, phosphatic, and potassic fertilisers, and derivatives and mixes. 
2. Averages and percentages are calculated on unrounded numbers.
                 
           
  Source:  https://www.stats.govt.nz/indicators/fertilisers-nitrogen-and-phosphorus     
  Farming type All fertilisers All Nitrogen   Māori % Factor* Māori N  
     Dairy 1262980 420090.86 74.5%  
     Sheep and Beef 842538 136094.30 24.1%  
     Other  34245 7425.10 1.3%  
    2139763 563610.3 100.0%      
               
  Dolomite and Lime